{"id":15503,"date":"2022-04-17T17:58:34","date_gmt":"2022-04-17T16:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/?page_id=15503"},"modified":"2024-02-16T06:15:50","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T05:15:50","slug":"analyse-des-donnees","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Analysis 101"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15503\" class=\"elementor elementor-15503\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02aaba1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"02aaba1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d77c9e\" data-id=\"4d77c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac3e89f elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ac3e89f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/2020\/04\/03\/theories-and-algorithms-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Theories<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-97275fb\" data-id=\"97275fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4817d76 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4817d76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Home page<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6bf1836\" data-id=\"6bf1836\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2a011e elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a2a011e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Wiki<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3cced32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3cced32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-15c2b44\" data-id=\"15c2b44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6556b49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"6556b49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">I. Data analysis process<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis#The_process_of_data_analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">The process of data analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis#Analytical_activities_of_data_users\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Analytical activities of data users<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis#Barriers_to_effective_analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Barriers to effective analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis#Initial_data_analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Initial data analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_cleansing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data-cleansing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_transformation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data transformation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_modeling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data modeling<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">II. Size reduction<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\"><ul><li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_des_donn%C3%A9es#Analyse_en_composantes_principales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Principal component analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_des_donn%C3%A9es#Analyse_factorielle_des_correspondances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Factorial correspondence analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_des_donn%C3%A9es#Analyse_des_correspondances_multiples\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Multiple Correspondence Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_des_donn%C3%A9es#Analyse_canonique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Canonical analysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_des_donn%C3%A9es#Positionnement_multidimensionnel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"toctext\">Multidimensional positioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis<\/li><li><a title=\"Procrustean analysis\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_procust%C3%A9enne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Generalized Procrustean Analysis<\/a>\u00a0<\/li><li>Multiple Dual Factor Analysis<\/li><li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Factor Analysis of Mixed Data\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_Factorielle_de_Donn%C3%A9es_Mixtes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Factor Analysis of Mixed Data<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Iconography of correlations\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iconographie_des_corr%C3%A9lations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iconography of correlations<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Independent component analysis\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_en_composantes_ind%C3%A9pendantes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AIT<\/a>\u00a0<\/li><li><a title=\"t-SNE algorithm\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algorithme_t-SNE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">t-SNE<\/a>\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">III. Classification<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\"><p>Similarity index:<\/p><ul><li>Index of <a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-partitioning\/similarity-function\/\">Jaccard<\/a><\/li><li>Dice Index<\/li><li>Concordance index<\/li><li>Tanimoto index<\/li><\/ul><p>Algorithms:<\/p><ul><li><a title=\"Decision tree (learning)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arbre_de_d%C3%A9cision_(apprentissage)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Decision tree<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"boosting\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boosting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">boosting<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Forest of Decision Trees\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/For%C3%AAt_d%27arbres_d%C3%A9cisionnels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Random Forests<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"K-nearest neighbors method\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9thode_des_k_plus_proches_voisins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>k<\/i>-NN<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Artificial neural network\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9seau_de_neurones_artificiels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artificial neural network<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Perceptron\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perceptron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Perceptron<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"U-matrix\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-matrix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U-matrix<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Conditional random field\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Champ_al%C3%A9atoire_conditionnel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FRC<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Hidden Markov model\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le_de_Markov_cach%C3%A9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HMM<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Graphic model\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le_graphique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Graphic model<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">IV. Tutorials<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\"><p>Data management \/ preprocessing:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/how-to-handle-missing-data\/\">How to handle missing data<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/normalize-standardize-resize-your-data\/\">Normalize \/ Standardize \/ Resize your Data<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/correlation-and-regressions\/data-transformation-and-regression\/\">From data normalization to regression<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>EDA:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/data-cleaning\/\">Data cleaning and understanding<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/selection-of-columns\/\">Selection of columns<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/dimension-reduction-techniques\/\">Dimension reduction tutorial<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/tutorial-on-the-t-sne\/\">t-SNE Tutorial<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/graph-theory-2\/trees-and-trees\/\">Tree<\/a> decision:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/decision-tree\/\">Decision tree<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/gini-entropy-and-error\/\">Gini impurity (GI), entropy (IH) and classification error (IE)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Pipeline:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/pipeline-for-classification\/\">Pipeline for the classification problem<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/learning-sets\/\">Classification and Set Learning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/metrics-for-classification\/\">Classification Performance Indices (Confusion Matrix) Tutorial<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/neptune.ai\/blog\/ml-model-debugging-and-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The right tools for machine learning debugging<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34d9aa8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34d9aa8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6069c2f\" data-id=\"6069c2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e8ffa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e8ffa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/data-analysis\/#Analyse-des-donnees\" >Data analysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analyse-des-donnees\"><\/span>Data analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b864bff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b864bff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa7af2b\" data-id=\"fa7af2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22d9a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22d9a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of uncovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data analytics has many facets and approaches, encompassing various techniques under a variety of names, and is used in different fields of business, science, and social science. In today&#039;s business world, data analysis plays a role in making more scientific decisions and helping businesses operate more efficiently.<\/p><p>In statistical applications, data analysis can be divided into descriptive statistics, exploratory data analysis, and confirmatory data analysis. It focuses on discovering new features in data while the latter focuses on confirming or falsifying existing assumptions. Predictive analytics focuses on the application of statistical models for prediction or predictive classification, while text analytics applies statistical, linguistic, and structural techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources, a species unstructured data. All of the above are varieties of data analysis.<\/p><p>Data integration is a precursor to data analytics, and data analytics is closely related to data visualization and data dissemination.<\/p><p>Analysis is the breaking of a whole into its separate components for individual examination. Data analysis is a process of obtaining raw data and then converting it into useful information for decision making by users. Data is collected and analyzed to answer questions, test hypotheses or disprove theories.<\/p><p>Statistician John Tukey defined data analysis in 1961 as:<\/p><p>\u201cProcedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of these procedures, ways of planning the collection of data to make analysis easier, more precise or more exact, and all the mechanisms and results of statistics ( mathematics) that apply to data analysis . \u00bb<\/p><p>Several phases can be distinguished. The phases are iterative, in that feedback from later phases may lead to additional work in earlier phases.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15539 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/types-of-data-analysis.png\" alt=\"data analysis\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/types-of-data-analysis.png 640w, https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/types-of-data-analysis-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/types-of-data-analysis-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/types-of-data-analysis-600x300.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Theories Home page Wiki I. Process of data analysis The process of data analysis Analytical activities of data users Barriers to effective analysis Initial \u2026 <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15503","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15503","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15503"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15503\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20739,"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15503\/revisions\/20739"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15503"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}